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He learnt some French at highschool. I don't recall if he ever mentioned learning other languages. The Dothraki dictionary is show-canon, but GRRM will turn to David J. Peterson whenever he need a new Dothraki word. He asked Peterson a few words for TWOW. Later a reader asked Peterson what are them, and he refused to reveal.

List of drafts: https://www.reddit.com/r/asoiaf/comments/9q3bfe Comparisons: https://www.reddit.com/r/asoiaf/comments/57zaas/ https://www.reddit.com/r/asoiaf/comments/934961 Map changes: the first few posts in https://atlasoficeandfireblog.wordpress.com Family tree changes: Viserys II changed from Aegon III's son to brother. Alysanne was changed from Maegor's daughter to Aenys'. Rhaenyra's husbands were a Lannister and later Lyonel Strong in the original plans. Alysanne's children's birth order rearranged, with Dany added. Cregan Stark's 2nd wife changed from Cynthia Cobray to Black Alys, and he had a brother called Bennard in the draft. Sansa Stark(Rickon's daughter) didn't marry Jonnel one-eye. Beron Stark had a son named Brandon. Damon Lannister (son of Jason) was planned to die at birth with his mother. (So Stafford was Jason's heir in the original plan.) Later grrm decided to make him live and became father of Damion.

In F&B, Baela brought "a conjurer of cheap tricks she took for an actual sorcerer" to the Red Keep, which is a nod to LOTR movie, where Gandalf said "Do not take me for some conjurer of cheap tricks".

Do the place name suffixes -hal (Hammerhal, Harrenhal) and -mark (Ashemark, Driftmark) have any meaning? Maybe -hal is a variant of -hall, so Hammerhal meanings Hammer's hall, since House Cordwayner rose from shoemakers, and built a hall for display their tools. The name origin story of Driftmark makes me wonder if -mark and Ashe- have any meanings.

It's known Oscar Tully refers to Oscar, but there're even more, as noticed in this post. In the Muppet, both Oscar and Kermit are green, and Oscar is indeed "greener". Oscar became green after a trip to Swamp Mushy Muddy, which is the namesake for Muddy Mess.

Saagael is a god in GRRM's fanfiction Only Kids are Afraid of the Dark. The cunning Baldrick refers to Baldrick in Blackadder, whose catch phrase is "I have a cunning plan".

What do you think of Sam Salt? A bastard surname or alliterated nickname ?

I think it's similar to the case of Shyra Errol, whose death during ACOK caused the head of Haystack Hall changed to a lord. Lord Trebor appears in the appendices of AFFC&ADWD, so he's alive by the end of 299 AC, and dead by the time of The Princess in the Tower.

I think House Fossoway of Cider Hall should be regarded as a lordly house, since we met Lord Owen Fossoway in TPatQ. Before 2013, the only proof that Red Apple Fossoway is also landed knight is that Ser Steffon Fossoway is promised to be raised to "Lord Fossoway". But that "Lord" could just be a honorable title, as Varys'.

I made a comparison of the US/UK versions of the series, and found a few candidates for the errata. Should be A year ago, as in the US ver, since Joff's 13th nameday just passed a few chapters ago. Should be hill of Visenya, as in the UK ver. Should be Bloody Keep, as in the UK ver. Should be Gate of the Gods, as in the UK ver. Robb's men remained at Gate of the Gods in ACOK Tyrion V. It's Lion’s Paw in the UK ver, and that's probably the "correct" version, as so spake Martin.

Found another likely error in AFFC appendix, which says Alester Florent was made the Hand before Blackwater. However, it's stated he's a self-styled Hand after Blackwater. Later maybe Stannis granted him the title. This raised another question: who was the Hand before Alester? Likely he's a Lord/Lord's brother who died/yielded in Blackwater. My bet is on Monford Velaryon. Could also be Bryce Caron or Imry Florent, though much less likely.

I think Septa Helicent and Melicent are the same person. Melicent is only mentioned in AFFC Cersei X: She isn't included in the appendix. However, a Septa Helicent never mentioned in the whole series appeared in the appendix beside Septa Aglantine: Moreover, I think the four septas lised here are NOT of the Most Devout. The Most Devout ranks highest in the Faith, but these septas look more like common septas and gaolers. I believe the appendix of AFFC is in error, otherwise why should it wrote in two lines instead of the much simpler "SEPTON TORBERT, SEPTON RAYNARD, SEPTON LUCEON, SEPTON OLLIDOR, SEPTA MOELLE, SEPTA AGLANTINE, SEPTA HELICENT, SEPTA UNELLA, of the Most Devout, serving the Seven at the Great Sept of Baelor"? In fact, the appendix of ADWD is different, which I think gives the correct info: Lastly, shall we call her Helicent or Melicent? I'm inclined to Helicent because: 1. Helicent is a common name that appears eight times elsewhere. Melicent appears only once in the whole series. 2. It seems GRRM deliberately corrected the identity of four septas when preparing the appendix of ADWD, stopping calling them the Most Devout. He would have noticed "Helicent" then and decided to stick to that version.

Shall we have an entry for rock goblins? That's the only appearance in current materials, though in the draft of this chapter we got a little more: Like the Swan Maiden (which we later learn in TWOIAF), they should also be from Pentoshi legend.

I just followed the suggested approach by Ran in this thread, to move Qhored Hoare after the Andal invasion. Not yet a confirmed error , but once you accept the three fixes proposed by Ran, this tiny fix naturally follows.

On TWOIAF Errata page: The Targaryen Kings: The date of the announcement of the Tourney at Harrenhal is now known to be 280 AC. The Riverlands & The Iron Islands: In The Iron Islands: Driftwood Crows, the sentence "The kings who followed Qhored played a part in that, yet the men of the green lands were likewise growing stronger. The First Men were building longships of their own" should change to "They/Rivermen were building longships of their own". The Westerlands: "Ellyn Reyne, now Lady Tarbeck, departed Casterly Rock with her husband, never to return". It seems she returned at least once (at a feast where Genna's betrothal was announced), according to AFFC Jaime III(Chap.33) The Reach: Some editions have removed House Parren from this section, which is restored in the latest edition. On The Main Series Errata: ASOS: "Also in Arya VII, Arya Stark thinks that she killed a boy when she was eight years old." Should be in Arya VIII.

On the wiki pages for Yellow Dick and Rowan, it says Rowan killed Yellow Dick without citation. Isn't that an unconfirmed theory?

Arya page: The ref should be {{Ref|affc|22}}

Valyrian and Old Mother's son were mentioned in AFFC Chap 34, where The crew of a green galley told Arya they were attacked by them in the Stepstones. Valyrian also featured ADWD Chap 9 and 15. It planned to send Davos to White Harbor, and sent him near the Night Lamp instead.

What's the position of Matthos Seaworth on Black Betha ? He was named as "his father's second" in ASOS Davos I and "second of Black Betha" in ACOK Appendix. Is that short for the second mate or the second in charge (viz. first mate)? It seems we only have captain/quartermaster/mate for the ranks on a ship, so I incline to the latter explanation.

Trivia for the errata: In the Appendix of ACOK(1st ed.), Nestor Royce was listed as "brother of Lord Yohn" (check here), and corrected to "cousin of Lord Yohn" in later prints.

Frey Pies Theory was confirmed by GRRM in SSM at 01:10:30.

For the errata: Ned's route: Tower of the Hand -> King's gate -> outside Red Keep -> River Gate -> Street of Steel -> Tobho Mott. King's gate should change to southwest gate of the Red Keep.

Yes, the issue was discussed before:

A new entry for the Errata, from https://redd.it/7v6exn:

[8] in Units of Area-Hides, should be Chap.66, Tyrion. As for time measurement, I recently wrote an essay on that matter(in Chinese). Here are some excerpts that might be helpful. Season is determined by the length of daytime at different latitudes. Because the length of daytime goes shorter as we go further north, the Conclave must collect measurements from different latitudes to determine seasons. Week is seldom used, only mentioned 16 times, and 13 of them was in AGOT. GRRM preferred to use fortnight, which appeared 121 times. The wilding Haggon also mentioned "week", so week might originated from the seven wanderers, rather than the seven gods. GRRM refused to name weekdays, but I guess they are probably named after the seven wanderers, just like many cultures in our history. Hour. Jon slept for four to five hours with headache (ACOK chap.53), and Barristan slept for ten hours a night was considered quite long(ADWD The Discarded knight). So an hour in Westeros is probably the same as on Earth. Named hours have no clear definitions. And it seems they have names for times at both day and night. Minute, second and heartbeat. Most of the time GRRM used heartbeats to describe a short time, but he also used minutes and seconds from time to time. The exact concept of minutes and seconds didn't appear until invention of mechanical clocks. So I guess they might have some clocks in Westeros. After all, medieval Europe also have many mechanical clocks. Timekeeping tools. The sole mentioned tool is sundial in TMK. And they use the Hightower as a sundial in Old Town(AFFC Prologue). The bell towers in Westeros, the Titan in Braavos, and Bells of Norvos probably also have water clock/hourglass/candle clock/mechanical clock to measure time during the night. A real example is the Tower of the Winds built around 50 BC, which featured eight sundials and a water clock. A friend of mine guessed bat, eel, owl, wolf, etc. are patterns on the timekeeping tools used during the night(they use sundial during the day) to mark hours. That explained they all take place in the night.