Ser Lepus

As I said, "everybody with power...".

That's normal for Westerosi. Everybody with power thinks that they are owed their position due to their birth...

Have you heard about Great Chess, the game King Alphonso the Wise of Castile wrote about in his Codex of Games? He also wrote about a 4-players chess variant, the Four Seasons Chess, and Decimal Chess (normal chess plus a "Judge" piece), and he used 8-sided and 7-sided dice...

But in the old times they used to always be weirwood trees.

The Faith of the Seven was founded in Essos thousands of years after the end of the Long Night, so its founders had no experience with the Others (the Long Night happened when the Old Empire of Ghis was still forming, while the Faith of the Seven was created by the Andals long after the Valyrian had conquered the Ghiscarian Empire and they were expanding westwards). They may have known some legends about some Azor Ahai/Hyrkoon the Hero/Yin Tar/Neferion/Eldric Shadowchaser figure ending the Age of Darkness, but it wasn't relevent enough to their culture and to their lives to include them in their new religion. Also, it is very likely that even the Faith's oldest holy text, The Seven-pointed Star was written in Westeros long after the migration. The book claims that Hugor Hill traveled to Westeros chasing the promise of a great kingdom, but historical research says that the Andals left Essos in flight of Valyrian conquest. It seems to me like the Faith included the prophecy retroactively to justify why they left Essos without mentioning how the Valyrians kicked their asses... So, if the Faith didn't include the relatively recent Valyrian conquest in their holy texts, why would they include the way more remote, way less relevant to their culture Long Night, whose legend they may not even remember anymore? As for the Faith being "real" or not... I don't think any religion in universe is fully "real". The Old Gods exist, but they aren't real gods, just the memory of dead greenseers, and they may not exist anymore. Blood and Fire magic exist, but that doesn't mean R'hllor is real; people who don't worship R'hllor are able to use magic too. The Others exist, the Long Night most likely happened, and the Night King may exist in the books too, but that doesn't mean the Great Other exists... the Others and the Night King were just a mistake of the Children of the Forest, not some eternal cosmic force....etc.

Unless I am misremembering it, Vale Mountain Clans are often called wildlings in the books.

Every time Tyrion opens his mouth, with few exceptions. Tyrion has a tendency to provoke and enrage every person with power over him. The only exceptions are Bronn and the Wildlings, which he managed to make his minions... at least for a time...

Is there a culture of investment in Westeros? In Late Medieval/Renaissance Europe wealthy people could buy shares of merchant ships, so you got a percentage of the benefits... distribute your money between several ships, and you won't lose it all in a shipwreck. You could also invest in buildings like homes and warehouses, and rent them away. Or you could buy bonds, or associate with a moneylender.... Oldtown and Myr both seem nice places for a peaceful person.

We don't know who was Orys's mother. She may have been the daughter of a vassal, a household knight or favored servant, so he was raised next to Aegon, instead of growing in some shitty ramshackle fishing halet, far from the sight of the Targayrens...

He mostly talks shit about all the Tyrells, and all Reach people in general, save Willas. Dorne and the Reach have been enemies for thousands of years before Oberyn crippled Willas.

The problem is, the crown didn't really had control of the colonization of America until well into the XVI century, and even then their control was quite weak. For a long time, it was adventurers who did all the work on their own, and royal magistrates and soldiers only arrived much later. Technically speaking, Native Americans had the same rights as Spanish subjects, and it was illegal to enslave them, but in practice, the colonists did whatever they wanted, and they could not be punished because there was no real law enforcement to do it, and even when there was, they couldn't fight the colonists without having the colonies collapse, so they had to compromise. In 1516 three monks were sent as co-governors of Santo Domingo (then called La Española) with orders to protect the natives, and that same year Fray Bartolome De Las Casas was made Universal Protector of the Indians by the crown... and the encomenderos just ignored them. Bartolome De Las Casas was later made bishop of Chiapas and given power to protect the natives, and he was driven away... Luis de Velasco y Castilla, twice viceroy of Mexico and once viceroy of Peru disliked slavery (both of Africans and of Native Americans), but he couldn't outlaw it without destroying the colonies, and all he could do was to try to better the treatment of the natives. He later adviced king Philip II of Spain to not allow slavery in Philippines, since he could see it had screwed American society forever and he didn't want that model to spread around the world... The problem is, people who got into a ship to sail to America weren't planning on becoming farmers or fishermen or artisans once they were there... At that time, crossing the Atlantic Ocean felt like traveling to another planet, you were leaving everything you knew and loved behind, maybe forever, there was like 50/50 chances you would die of some tropical disease, and you knew you would probably need to fight and kill and maybe die... nobody takes these chances, faces these risks so they could grow cabbages in the New World... They took these risks because they expected to become filthy rich, they wanted to loot as much gold as they could and come back home, and if that wasn't possible at all, to seize a piece of land and become lordlings over it... that was the kind of people who made the first wave of Spanish colonists... they were adventurers, with a mindset similar to corsairs and mercenaries... "get rich fast using violence". And for a long time, these were the only people willing to make the trip to America. And not only they were violent, dangerous people you couldn't rein on easily, you also needed to appease them and work with them, because, without them, there was no colony. And the crown had more important stuff to focus its efforts on, like literally fighting every major and medium power in Europe, Africa and Middle East simultaneously, so in the end, the crown often resigned itself to let the colonists do as they wanted, so long as the money they needed to bankroll their wars kept coming...

I don't think George R. R. Martin is any better than Tolkien at worldbuilding and at portraying real administration and economy... I mean, ASoIaF is full of plot holes... How do people even survive the long winters? Are there crops that can grow during winters in the south? How can pear trees, peach trees, cherry trees and apple trees even give fruit, if they depend of the regular alternance of cold and hot seasons in order to bloom and produce fruits? How can crops grow far north, if there is snow all year round every year? How can the wildlings multiply so much? How come merchants, guilds, bankers are so unimportant in Westeros? Are there educated people among the commoners? who do rich merchants and guildsmen go when they need a healer or a teacher or a scribe or an accountant? How does the administration work? How are tax collectors/tax farmers selected? Where do you find a person with a good enough education to become a tax collector or treasurer? Are there septons and septas with a decent education? How come there haven't appeared educative institutions to service these needs? Why has the retarded piratic Ironborn culture been allowed to survive so long? Why are the Dothraki soo primitive and stupid? And there are the teleporting ships... George R. R. Martin sorta scratches the surface, and he is satisfied with it, he doesn't try to make sense of it. The only difference with Tolkien is, George likes political intrigue and backstabbing, even when it doesn't make sense, while Tolkien likes a Confucian style "if a king is virtuous, everybody becomes virtuous, and everything goes well" idealistic mindset...

Why would they settle beyond the Wall? They had already left several places with horrible climates, violent neighbors, not enough food and supernatural threats... why would they want to live in a place that has all of these disadvantages combined...?

We don't really know about Valyrian rules of inheritance. We know how the Targaryen did things, but they lived isolated in Dragonstone for around a century after the Fall of Valyria, so we don't know if the Dragonlords of old followed the same rules or if the Targaryens were influenced by Andal customs... Also, when brother marries sister, it doesn't matter that much if there is a preference of men over woman as heirs... the son and daughter are going to marry and become co-lords, anyways...

But the point is, no matter how desperate they were, kidnapping the king was suicidal; I mean, that was as if Cuba tried to invade USA to stop the embargo ... yeah, conquering North America would end the embargo, but I don't think there is a single person in the world who thinks Cuba would have a snowflake in hell's chance against USA...